{"paper":{"title":"Estimating the volume and surface area of air bubbles entrained by breaking waves from whitecap observations: With implications on the characteristic breaking wave speed and breaking strength parameter","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","authors_text":"Paul A. Hwang","submitted_at":"2019-06-19T16:11:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"A conceptual model relating the whitecap coverage to the bubble plume buoyancy is developed following the observation that the entrained bubble plume buoyancy constitutes a large portion of the breaking wave energy dissipation. The formulation leads to estimations of an effective or equivalent-buoyancy depth of bubble entrainment as well as the volume and surface area of bubbles entrained by surface wave breaking. The results show that the air-water interface area per unit sea surface area is enhanced dramatically by the entrained bubbles: on the order of 10 m^2 at about 15 m/s wind speed. The"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1906.11202","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}