{"paper":{"title":"A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"A. A. Stark, A. Babul, A. H. Gonzalez, A. L. Strom, A. Wei{\\ss}, C. C. Hayward, C. De Breuck, Chian-Chou Chen, C. M. Bradford, D. J. M. Cunningham, D. Narayanan, D. P. Marrone, D. Rennehan, E. J. Murphy, E. Pass, J. D. Vieira, J. E. Carlstrom, J. Harnett, J. Ma, J. Simpson, J. Sreevani, J. S. Spilker, K. A. Phadke, K. C. Litke, K. Lacaille, K. M. Rotermund, M. Aravena, M. B\\'ethermin, M. Brodwin, M. L. N. Ashby, M. L. Strandet, M. Malkan, R. Perry, S. C. Chapman, T. B. Miller, T. R. Greve, W. Morningstar, Y. Hezaveh","submitted_at":"2018-04-24T19:56:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"Massive galaxy clusters are now found as early as 3 billion years after the Big Bang, containing stars that formed at even earlier epochs. The high-redshift progenitors of these galaxy clusters, termed 'protoclusters', are identified in cosmological simulations with the highest dark matter overdensities. While their observational signatures are less well defined compared to virialized clusters with a substantial hot intra-cluster medium (ICM), protoclusters are expected to contain extremely massive galaxies that can be observed as luminous starbursts. Recent claimed detections of protoclusters"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.09231","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}