{"paper":{"title":"Formation of Massive Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"2), (2) Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Frederic A. Rasio (1), Heidelberg), Marc Freitag (1, M. Atakan G\\\"urkan (1) ((1) Northwestern University","submitted_at":"2003-04-01T22:00:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"We review possible dynamical formation processes for central massive black holes in dense star clusters. We focus on the early dynamical evolution of young clusters containing a few thousand to a few million stars. One natural formation path for a central seed black hole in these systems involves the development of the Spitzer instability, through which the most massive stars can drive the cluster to core collapse in a very short time. The sudden increase in the core density then leads to a runaway collision process and the formation of a very massive merger remnant, which must then collapse t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0304038","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0304038/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}