{"paper":{"title":"Application of exhaustive simulation flow for advanced performance prediction of monolithic active pixel sensors","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"A simulation flow couples Monte Carlo charge transport to SPICE circuit response for MAPS timing prediction.","cross_cats":["hep-ex"],"primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","authors_text":"A. Bevan, A. Dorokhov, A. Fernandez Prieto, A. Frey, A. Gabrielli, A. Gallas Torreira, A. Himmi, A. Kumar, A. Moggi, A. Taffara, B. Pilsl, B. Schwenker, C. Bespin, C. Finck, C. Hu-Guo, C. Irmler, C. Lacasta, C. Marinas, C. Schwanda, D. Auguste, D. Fougeron, D. Howgill, D. Jeans, D. Xu, E. Riceputi, E. Sacchetti, F. Bernlochner, F. Bosi, F. Forti, F. Morel, G. Bertolone, G. Casarosa, G. Dujany, G. F. Benfratello, G. Rizzo, G. Traversi, H. Kruger, H. Pham, I. Ripp-Baudot, I. Valin, J. Baudot, J. Bonis, J. Dingfelder, J. Gong, J. Mazorra de Cos, J. Serrano, K. Hara, K. R. Nakamura, L. Corona, L. Federici, L. Gaioni, L. Massaccesi, L. Molina-Bueno, L. Ratti, L. Schall, M. Babeluk, M. Barbero, M. Bona, M. Friedl, M. Karagounis, M. Massa, M. Maushart, M. Minuti, M. Rovini, M. Schwickardi, M. Vogt, M. Winter, P. Barrillon, P. Breugnon, P. Pangaud, P. Stavroulakis, R. Boudagga, R. Russo, R. Sefri, S. Bettarini, S. Giroletti, S. Mondal, S. Wang, T. Bergauer, T. Higuchi, T. Kishishita, V. Re, V. Vobbilisetti, W. Song, X. Gao, Y. Buch, Y. Okazaki, Y. Onuki, Y. Peinaud","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T16:40:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"Monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) developments have pushed the detection performance in various directions, especially relative to timing where nanosecond-level precision is now considered. This evolution calls for a simultaneous upgrade of the simulation tools. We have developed a simulation flow that covers steps from the signal creation in the sensitive volume to the output of the pixel digital logic that performs the time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold (ToA/ToT) measurements. This approach adds several new features to the traditional use the of the TCAD - Allpix Squared duo, among "},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We have developed a simulation flow that covers steps from the signal creation in the sensitive volume to the output of the pixel digital logic that performs the time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold (ToA/ToT) measurements. This approach adds several new features to the traditional use of the TCAD - Allpix Squared duo, among which : the integration of the pixel wells from the layout in order to precisely describe the pixel key characteristics such as leakage and punch-through currents and the coupling of Monte Carlo simulations (Allpix Squared) with high precision electrical simulations (SPICE).","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the modeled charge propagation, layout integration, and front-end response in the coupled Allpix Squared and SPICE simulations accurately represent real device behavior under irradiation and various operating conditions.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A new exhaustive simulation flow combining Allpix Squared and SPICE enables detailed performance prediction for MAPS, accounting for layout effects and irradiation, and shows agreement with TJ-Monopix2 measurements.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A simulation flow couples Monte Carlo charge transport to SPICE circuit response for MAPS timing prediction.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"7dd20ceecfcf70cc33a7a74f6181adc3e05863f356b203311150d4a065d8a52e"},"source":{"id":"2605.13760","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"7207ec7a-5e8f-4a99-94d2-3ed0c47d0952","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T17:54:34.457650Z","strongest_claim":"We have developed a simulation flow that covers steps from the signal creation in the sensitive volume to the output of the pixel digital logic that performs the time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold (ToA/ToT) measurements. This approach adds several new features to the traditional use of the TCAD - Allpix Squared duo, among which : the integration of the pixel wells from the layout in order to precisely describe the pixel key characteristics such as leakage and punch-through currents and the coupling of Monte Carlo simulations (Allpix Squared) with high precision electrical simulations (SPICE).","one_line_summary":"A new exhaustive simulation flow combining Allpix Squared and SPICE enables detailed performance prediction for MAPS, accounting for layout effects and irradiation, and shows agreement with TJ-Monopix2 measurements.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the modeled charge propagation, layout integration, and front-end response in the coupled Allpix Squared and SPICE simulations accurately represent real device behavior under irradiation and various operating conditions.","pith_extraction_headline":"A simulation flow couples Monte Carlo charge transport to SPICE circuit response for MAPS timing prediction."},"references":{"count":12,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2023.168678","year":2023,"title":"Snoeys,Monolithic CMOS sensors for high en- ergy physics - Challenges and perspectives, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sec- tion A, vol","work_id":"6ad12720-bdca-4c68-8219-8984d8083d04","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170164","year":2025,"title":"Rizzo, G. and others. The DMAPS upgrade of the Belle II Vertex Detector. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2024.170164","work_id":"1b28a820-53bb-4777-acf3-a01fdf7c1e49","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/20/10/c10013","year":2025,"title":"Auguste, D. and others. Upgrade of the Belle II Vertex Detector with Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors. J. Inst. 2025. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/20/10/C10013","work_id":"1894b80e-6ae6-4b31-b969-bbcc0f421a4b","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2022.167189","year":2022,"title":"Development and characterization of a DMAPS chip in TowerJazz 180 nm technology for high radiation environments","work_id":"28751dbb-7a93-47b9-93ac-2df3b1767660","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"Design and Development of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors with Small Collection Electrode for High Radiation Applications","work_id":"bd8ca88c-d200-4cec-b7f0-ace6013879dd","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":12,"snapshot_sha256":"e2a77fd6ddcbd3db1d508a55eaf5399ffa03677a4f7fa07b7a29bafc4074ca31","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}