{"paper":{"title":"CB$^2$O: Consensus-Based Bi-Level Optimization","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["math.AP"],"primary_cat":"math.OC","authors_text":"Konstantin Riedl, Nicol\\'as Garc\\'ia Trillos, Sixu Li, Yuhua Zhu","submitted_at":"2024-11-20T15:29:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Bi-level optimization problems, where one wishes to find the global minimizer of an upper-level objective function over the globally optimal solution set of a lower-level objective, arise in a variety of scenarios throughout science and engineering, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we propose and investigate, analytically and experimentally, consensus-based bi-level optimization (CB$^2$O), a multi-particle metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method designed to solve bi-level optimization problems when both objectives may be nonconvex. Our method leverages wi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.13394","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2411.13394/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}