{"paper":{"title":"Frequency Nadir-Constrained Power System Restoration Planning with Energy Storage","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"A frequency-constrained MILP framework plans black-start restoration while using energy storage to keep frequency deviations safe and shorten recovery time.","cross_cats":["cs.SY"],"primary_cat":"eess.SY","authors_text":"Amir Reza Nikzad, Ilyas Farhat, John W. Simpson-Porco, Xiangyu Zou","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T20:34:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"Power system restoration following blackouts must ensure frequency stability throughout the recovery process. This paper proposes a frequency-constrained mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework for black-start restoration planning in transmission systems with synchronous machines and energy storage systems. To prevent excessive frequency deviations caused by restorative actions, a frequency nadir prediction method is developed for power systems with energy storage system (ESS) integration and incorporated into a multiperiod optimization framework. The formulation ensures that frequen"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The computed restoration plan maintains frequency security, as validated through MATLAB and PSS/E simulations, while reducing restoration time through ESS coordination.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The frequency nadir prediction method developed for systems with ESS integration accurately forecasts frequency deviations from restorative actions.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A frequency nadir-constrained MILP framework for black-start restoration that incorporates energy storage to maintain frequency security and shorten recovery time.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A frequency-constrained MILP framework plans black-start restoration while using energy storage to keep frequency deviations safe and shorten recovery time.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"95ec0a01323b20eba6d43000a17ea55238f8a6c6b073420690461627fc820aca"},"source":{"id":"2605.14099","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"c8823da5-bfe0-4815-a3d2-c20d2186cf35","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T05:15:35.023400Z","strongest_claim":"The computed restoration plan maintains frequency security, as validated through MATLAB and PSS/E simulations, while reducing restoration time through ESS coordination.","one_line_summary":"A frequency nadir-constrained MILP framework for black-start restoration that incorporates energy storage to maintain frequency security and shorten recovery time.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The frequency nadir prediction method developed for systems with ESS integration accurately forecasts frequency deviations from restorative actions.","pith_extraction_headline":"A frequency-constrained MILP framework plans black-start restoration while using energy storage to keep frequency deviations safe and shorten recovery time."},"references":{"count":39,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"Electricity system resilience in a world of increased climate change and cybersecurity risk,","work_id":"867ca11e-dfae-4c8b-8b2c-b6ded986da1f","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"Shedding light on the economic costs of long-duration power outages: A review of resilience assessment methods and strategies,","work_id":"8affdfe4-142d-498f-b7d4-abe04a755cf9","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2003,"title":"Technical analysis of the august 14, 2003, blackout,","work_id":"a727f596-66db-414c-a08b-9692f74f8e0b","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2018,"title":"System restoration from blackstart resources,","work_id":"939fd77a-2b51-4504-89ae-51e6678eb84f","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2013,"title":"U. G. Knight,Power Systems in Emergencies: From Contingency Plan- ning to Crisis Management. Wiley, 2013","work_id":"bef0f757-ee36-4919-b7c9-8e178882e37d","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":39,"snapshot_sha256":"6910528a976b96f5bd1a538f23d59368aea6704e05e34f9d8c8dcd64b6374119","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"47d3abff2cc85f0d77ef06971400a801cb85f5064c5c2618beec778bba02e292"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}