{"paper":{"title":"A Low-Density Closed Universe","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Marc Kamionkowski, Nicolaos Toumbas (Columbia University)","submitted_at":"1996-01-25T17:04:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"Matter with an equation of state $p=-\\rho/3$ may arise in certain scalar field theories, and the energy density of this matter decreases as $a^{-2}$ with the scale factor $a$ of the Universe. In this case, the Universe could be closed but still have a nonrelativistic-matter density $\\Omega_0<1$. Furthermore, the cosmic microwave background could come from a causally-connected region at the other side of the Universe. This model is currently viable and might be tested by a host of forthcoming observations."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9601147","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}