{"paper":{"title":"Testing the limits of past-adapted explanations by post-endpoint randomisation: anticipatory EEG as a worked case","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-bio.NC"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"(2) Department of Mathematics, Alexandros Sopasakis (2) ((1) Research, Development Department, George Sopasakis (1), Lund, Lund University, Onsala, Sweden, Sweden), Ximantis AB","submitted_at":"2026-08-12T13:55:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"A predictive model can fit its data even when its information set is insufficient; fit alone cannot establish sufficiency. This Perspective introduces Level II-A, a new design-based inference framework to test this distinction, illustrated in anticipatory EEG using contingent negative variation. A pre-event endpoint is committed before the delay to the imperative event is randomised. That later-assigned delay thereby becomes a negative-control probe of whether past-adapted information was sufficient for an already committed result. Under the past-adapted factorisation, accounts using only pre-"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2608.12072","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2608.12072/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}