{"paper":{"title":"A Novel Method for Calculating Deflection Angle","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Zonghai Li","submitted_at":"2024-01-23T06:50:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we introduce a method for calculating the deflection angle in the weak-field approximation, applicable to both null and timelike rays. By combining the trajectory equation $\\mathcal{Z}(u)=(du/d\\phi)^2$ and the `straight line' $u(\\varphi)={\\sin\\varphi}/b$, we introduce a new function $\\Phi(\\varphi)$. The deflection angle can then be expressed as $\\delta=\\Phi(0)+\\Phi(\\pi)-\\pi$, which directly depends on the impact parameter rather than the closest approach distance. This method offers a convenient and straightforward approach to calculations, avoiding the complexities of integrati"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2401.12525","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2401.12525/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}