{"paper":{"title":"Electromagnetic Signal and Information Theory: A Continuous-Aperture Array Perspective","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Continuous-aperture arrays must be modeled as continuous electromagnetic fields governed by Maxwell's equations rather than as discrete antenna vectors.","cross_cats":["math.IT"],"primary_cat":"cs.IT","authors_text":"Chongjun Ouyang, Emil Bj\\\"ornson, Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu, Kuranage Roche Rayan Ranasinghe, Shuai S. A. Yuan, Yuanwei Liu, Zhaolin Wang","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T02:36:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Emerging wireless systems are evolving toward larger, denser, higher-frequency, and more reconfigurable apertures, which motivates the study of continuous-aperture arrays (CAPAs). Unlike conventional spatially discrete arrays (SPDAs), CAPAs are more naturally modeled as spatially continuous electromagnetic apertures and therefore call for a fundamental shift in both signal processing and information-theoretic analysis. In particular, the underlying channels, signals, and beamformers are no longer finite-dimensional vectors and matrices, but continuous fields and operators governed by Maxwell's"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Unlike conventional spatially discrete arrays (SPDAs), CAPAs are more naturally modeled as spatially continuous electromagnetic apertures and therefore call for a fundamental shift in both signal processing and information-theoretic analysis.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That continuous-aperture models based on Maxwell's equations will yield practical advantages in analysis, hardware implementation, and performance over discrete array approximations for real-world channels and systems.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Tutorial overview of electromagnetic signal and information theory for continuous-aperture array wireless systems, emphasizing the shift from discrete to continuous models.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Continuous-aperture arrays must be modeled as continuous electromagnetic fields governed by Maxwell's equations rather than as discrete antenna vectors.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"a046f0be89ad91b2e795caa5208f8c14d022ecf3558f372884c738c614185cf1"},"source":{"id":"2605.12910","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"3c4fa060-3d6a-439b-82e8-95b971b10e8f","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T18:50:08.342427Z","strongest_claim":"Unlike conventional spatially discrete arrays (SPDAs), CAPAs are more naturally modeled as spatially continuous electromagnetic apertures and therefore call for a fundamental shift in both signal processing and information-theoretic analysis.","one_line_summary":"Tutorial overview of electromagnetic signal and information theory for continuous-aperture array wireless systems, emphasizing the shift from discrete to continuous models.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That continuous-aperture models based on Maxwell's equations will yield practical advantages in analysis, hardware implementation, and performance over discrete array approximations for real-world channels and systems.","pith_extraction_headline":"Continuous-aperture arrays must be modeled as continuous electromagnetic fields governed by Maxwell's equations rather than as discrete antenna vectors."},"references":{"count":95,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":1948,"title":"A mathematical theory of communication","work_id":"06360528-009e-40aa-be77-3ccdd5a410fa","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1987,"title":"On the spatial bandwidth of scattered fields,","work_id":"8c414b1b-8236-4c38-ba07-24093f8d08ee","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"Electromagnetic signal and infor- mation theory–electromagnetically consistent communication models for the transmission and processing of information,","work_id":"bfe0fb0f-f1df-4bf4-b098-ca36288aba00","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1990,"title":"The performance enhancement of multibeam adaptive base-station antennas for cellular land mobile radio systems,","work_id":"f28c6ec7-3620-46ab-bf0a-148b72f095af","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1991,"title":"An adaptive array for mobile communication systems,","work_id":"8f3343de-6e25-4bf4-bc57-d8356b8f9d99","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":95,"snapshot_sha256":"0ba5b6483bbd2f173a4f1f849a4e26ca39c79c49ee0e03400454a0b0b77767cb","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"b2f08b4361904cc989e1a78c656101ad1cc62e7670eb367f0fb4a18bef4af8a9"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}