{"paper":{"title":"Optimizing Grid-Forming Controls using Relay-based Extremum Seeking to Enhance Transient Performance","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients","cross_cats":["cs.SY"],"primary_cat":"eess.SY","authors_text":"Kyung-Bin Kwon, Min Gyung Yu, Sayak Mukherjee, Timothy I. Salsbury","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T22:30:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are essential for enhancing stability in modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). However, their performance highly depends on control parameters tuning, particularly the active power-frequency droop coefficient. This parameter presents a trade-off among competing objectives, including damping, settling time, rate of change of frequencies (RoCoF) and frequency nadirs. This paper proposes a real-time, adaptive optimization framework based on Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) to dynamically tune the GFM droop gain. A multi-objective"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The multi-objective cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, which justifies the use of gradient-based optimization via extremum seeking.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Relay-based extremum seeking control dynamically optimizes the droop coefficient in grid-forming inverters to improve transient performance on a simulated large-scale power system.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"36e48241c772c3538ff0564ecdbae5c85bb96417657895faac66455d9954e2a6"},"source":{"id":"2605.14161","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"d987498f-140a-4bd9-8aca-2d09ac81c572","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T01:57:02.878980Z","strongest_claim":"The ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model.","one_line_summary":"Relay-based extremum seeking control dynamically optimizes the droop coefficient in grid-forming inverters to improve transient performance on a simulated large-scale power system.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The multi-objective cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, which justifies the use of gradient-based optimization via extremum seeking.","pith_extraction_headline":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients"},"references":{"count":18,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid-forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Sta- bility,","work_id":"4ca58da2-d144-4f82-a03f-2b1f0fc625a8","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"Grid-forming invert- ers: A critical asset for the power grid,","work_id":"997e4280-fc68-4599-818c-f2e6ad4d24cd","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid- Forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Stability,","work_id":"1b033edd-8c7a-4d73-a0b7-6e9154039bda","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2016,"title":"Synthesizing Virtual Oscillators to Control Islanded Inverters,","work_id":"5c5456e5-d789-4808-8a3f-11b1a20a83fe","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"Insights Into Dissipating Energy-Based Source/Sink Characterization of TCSC and STATCOM for Low-Frequency Oscillations,","work_id":"8232d8b7-f97c-4360-b078-f4e3f6c9358e","ref_index":6,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":18,"snapshot_sha256":"d055e364d8e730ea8d5fe60cf85008991b130552a51164fa9187238f8e7f3344","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"1b6896af538ec22c6dd609f57128a85eefbb6dff655cc75b14583c998555229a"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}