{"paper":{"title":"Helium Bubbles in Liquid Lead Lithium Solutions: Pressure Inhomogeneities at Interfaces and Non Ideal Mixture Effects","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Molecular dynamics simulations characterize helium bubble interfaces in liquid lead-lithium by calculating pressure inhomogeneities.","cross_cats":["physics.chem-ph"],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","authors_text":"Edgar Alvarez-Galera, Jordi Marti, Lluis Batet","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T08:28:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"The extremely low solubility of helium in liquid metals may lead to rapid supersaturation, promoting spontaneous formation of helium bubbles by nucleation. Once nucleated, the stability of these bubbles is governed by the properties of the helium liquid metal interface. In particular, interfacial tension between the immiscible phases controls bubble interactions and induces local pressure inhomogeneities. This work is motivated by the need of a better understanding of helium bubble formation in liquid Pb Li alloys, which are of particular relevance for the design of breeding blankets in the fu"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Interfacial tension and radius of the bubble are subsequently determined across multiple thermodynamic conditions, spanning temperatures starting near the melting points of the constituent metals up to 1021 K. The impact of curvature and composition of the alloy on the interfacial behaviour are also investigated.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the chosen classical interatomic potentials accurately reproduce the helium-liquid metal interactions and resulting interfacial tension without significant quantum or many-body corrections.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"MD simulations show pressure inhomogeneities and composition-dependent interfacial properties for helium bubbles in Pb-Li systems from near-melting temperatures to 1021 K.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Molecular dynamics simulations characterize helium bubble interfaces in liquid lead-lithium by calculating pressure inhomogeneities.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"65b74207503ea4632df463b0eb7adac58b0186166ba44a65942034ca490fd5b3"},"source":{"id":"2605.13164","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"871194a9-7bf4-4cc5-8488-53a9487449a2","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T17:42:18.897265Z","strongest_claim":"Interfacial tension and radius of the bubble are subsequently determined across multiple thermodynamic conditions, spanning temperatures starting near the melting points of the constituent metals up to 1021 K. The impact of curvature and composition of the alloy on the interfacial behaviour are also investigated.","one_line_summary":"MD simulations show pressure inhomogeneities and composition-dependent interfacial properties for helium bubbles in Pb-Li systems from near-melting temperatures to 1021 K.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the chosen classical interatomic potentials accurately reproduce the helium-liquid metal interactions and resulting interfacial tension without significant quantum or many-body corrections.","pith_extraction_headline":"Molecular dynamics simulations characterize helium bubble interfaces in liquid lead-lithium by calculating pressure inhomogeneities."},"references":{"count":86,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"∆n(ξN)β−1 +1 2 X α,i X β,j [rαβ ij ]µ[f αβ ij ]ν ∆Ωij(ξN) # ≃","work_id":"3c6a5722-b306-4fbe-a84b-a93fad5f24ce","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"These properties are studied across selected states at a specific isotherm (1021.4 K) at which all possible lead–lithium alloys are molten","work_id":"1ed475f6-1ef7-4b0a-b2e2-47fb234c559d","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"Ideal behaviour of pressure tensors in spherical geometries In the case of spherical interfaces, it seems convenient to remark that normal profiles are expected to obey the pN(r) r 0 -dpN(r) /dr FIG. 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