{"paper":{"title":"AI-based scoring systematically underestimates conceptual understanding of linguistically weak students' explanations in physics","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Markus S. Feser, Paul L. Tschisgale","submitted_at":"2026-07-30T13:48:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"Explaining physical phenomena is central to physics learning, because students' explanations provide evidence of their conceptual understanding. Because conceptual understanding can only be inferred through language rather than observed directly, distinguishing conceptual understanding from linguistic quality represents a fundamental challenge for assessment. In this study, we examined whether AI-based scoring approaches can assess students' conceptual understanding independently of the linguistic quality of their text-based explanations in physics. We compared conceptual understanding scores "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.28210","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.28210/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}