{"paper":{"title":"Comparing Smart Contract Paradigms: A Preliminary Study of Security and Developer Experience","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Resource-oriented languages reduce explicit security overhead in smart contracts by 60% compared to imperative languages.","cross_cats":["cs.PL"],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Andrea Pinna, Giuseppe Destefanis, Maria Ilaria Lunesu, Matteo Vaccargiu","submitted_at":"2026-04-29T14:28:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Smart contract vulnerabilities have caused billions in financial losses, raising questions about whether programming language paradigms can reduce security overhead. While imperative languages like Solidity require developers to manually implement security checks, resource-oriented languages like Move encode safety guarantees in type systems. We present a preliminary mixed-methods study analyzing 12 functionally-equivalent contract pairs implemented in both Solidity and Move by the same development team, complemented by a survey of 11 developers experienced in both languages. Quantitative anal"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Resource-oriented paradigms shift security from runtime validation to compile-time guarantees, reducing explicit security overhead by 60% (security check density: 6.7% vs. 16.8%, p=0.002) compared to imperative languages.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The 12 contract pairs are truly functionally equivalent and that security checks were identified and counted consistently without implementation bias from the same development team.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Move reduces security check density by 60% versus Solidity in matched contracts at the cost of 47% larger code size, based on controlled pairs and developer surveys.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Resource-oriented languages reduce explicit security overhead in smart contracts by 60% compared to imperative languages.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"6a638f3faf25b633a4540cb4aced8a39b821881c49686f5bbadc5ba6194f02ce"},"source":{"id":"2604.26727","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"e3d1c5e9-1fa5-4075-90e4-493b52d36a55","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-07T13:10:40.135204Z","strongest_claim":"Resource-oriented paradigms shift security from runtime validation to compile-time guarantees, reducing explicit security overhead by 60% (security check density: 6.7% vs. 16.8%, p=0.002) compared to imperative languages.","one_line_summary":"Move reduces security check density by 60% versus Solidity in matched contracts at the cost of 47% larger code size, based on controlled pairs and developer surveys.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The 12 contract pairs are truly functionally equivalent and that security checks were identified and counted consistently without implementation bias from the same development team.","pith_extraction_headline":"Resource-oriented languages reduce explicit security overhead in smart contracts by 60% compared to imperative languages."},"integrity":{"clean":false,"summary":{"advisory":1,"critical":0,"by_detector":{"doi_compliance":{"total":1,"advisory":1,"critical":0,"informational":0}},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2604.26727/integrity.json","findings":[{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.1109/IWBOSE.2019.8666770) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","detector":"doi_compliance","severity":"advisory","ref_index":26,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T19:52:48.315263Z","detected_doi":"10.1109/IWBOSE.2019.8666770","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","verdict_class":"incontrovertible","detected_arxiv_id":null}],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-20T23:43:21.438934Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:52:48.315263Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":1}],"snapshot_sha256":"5db03e6523b40eaccfcc1a20462667c400f1614ec77d720368c34719e1a7b78b"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}