{"paper":{"title":"Carbon Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars Reveal Distinct Galaxy and Star Formation Pathways in the Early Universe","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.SR"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Alexander Yelland, Anna Frebel, Mohammad K. Mardini, Sarah Hughes, Xiaowei Ou","submitted_at":"2026-06-10T19:20:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP; with $\\rm{[Fe/H]} \\le -2.0$ and $\\rm{[C/Fe]} \\ge 0.7$) stars preserve information about early chemical enrichment, low-mass star formation, and the hierarchical assembly of galaxies. In this study, we have compiled an extensive literature sample of 1032 stellar carbon abundances spanning the metal-poor Milky Way halo (437 stars), 21 ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs; 102 stars), seven classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies (254 stars), three accreted dwarf galaxies (90 stars), the Small Accreted Stellar Systems (SASS; 77 stars), and eleven stellar streams (72 star"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.12617","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.12617/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}