{"paper":{"title":"English and Spanish Translation of Zwicky's (1933) The Redshift of Extragalactic Nebulae","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","authors_text":"Fritz Zwicky (author), Heinz Andernach (translator)","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T01:53:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"English and Spanish translations are provided for Fritz Zwicky's seminal article on \"The Redshift of Extragalactic Nebulae\", published in German in Helvetica Physica Acta in 1933 <https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=hpa-001:1933:6#112>. This paper is usually cited as the first evidence for dark matter (\"dunkle Materie\", not \"missing matter\"). Zwicky's conclusion is based on the velocity dispersion of only seven galaxies in the Coma cluster of galaxies. Now, 84 years later, with 1000+ radial velocities measured for Coma cluster members, Coma's velocity dispersion is very close to that fo"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1711.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}