{"paper":{"title":"Probabilistic Error Analysis For Sequential Summation of Real Floating Point Numbers","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.NA"],"primary_cat":"math.NA","authors_text":"Johnathan Rhyne","submitted_at":"2021-01-27T23:06:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"We derive two probabilistic bounds for the relative forward error in the floating point summation of $n$ real numbers, by representing the roundoffs as independent, zero-mean, bounded random variables. The first probabilistic bound is based on Azuma's concentration inequality, and the second on the Azuma-Hoeffding Martingale. Our numerical experiments illustrate that the probabilistic bounds, with a stringent failure probability of $10^{-16}$, can be 1-2 orders of magnitude tighter than deterministic bounds. We performed the numerical experiments in Julia by summing up to $n=10^7$ single preci"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.11738","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2101.11738/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}