{"paper":{"title":"Adversarial Robustness in Smishing Detection: A Comparative Analysis of Adversarial Fragility in Classical vs. Transformer-Based Detection Systems","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Athanase Bahizire, Denzel Chiuseni, Jema David Ndibwile, Silva Hama","submitted_at":"2026-08-13T07:12:13Z","abstract_excerpt":"Smishing detection systems are commonly trained and evaluated on clean, monolingual text. In low-resource settings, however, attackers frequently circumvent these systems through character obfuscation, cross-lingual code-switching, and structural perturbation. This study evaluates adversarial robustness for five model architectures: three classical lexical models (Random Forest, XGBoost, CNN+BiLSTM) and two multilingual transformers (mBERT, XLM-RoBERTa), using a dataset of 27,037 messages. Classical models are subjected to black-box generic attacks, while transformers are evaluated with attent"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2608.12889","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2608.12889/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}