{"paper":{"title":"Black-hole formation and thermalization in open JT gravity","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Numerical simulations in open JT gravity show dynamical black hole formation from an initial pure state.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"Daichi Takeda, Rumi Hasegawa, Ryo Adachi, Takanori Ishii","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T08:43:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"Black-hole formation is expected, via holography, to correspond to thermalization in the boundary theory. For open quantum systems, an initial pure state generically evolves into a mixed state irreversibly, suggesting that horizon formation in the bulk should arise. In this paper, we extend the holographic Lindblad prescription to a non-Markovian setting and apply it to JT gravity coupled to a scalar field. Using numerical simulations in the semiclassical and high-temperature regime, we demonstrate the dynamical formation of black holes."},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Using numerical simulations in the semiclassical and high-temperature regime, we demonstrate the dynamical formation of black holes.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The holographic Lindblad prescription can be consistently extended to non-Markovian dynamics while remaining valid for JT gravity coupled to a scalar field.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Numerical simulations show dynamical black hole formation in non-Markovian open JT gravity, corresponding to irreversible thermalization on the boundary.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Numerical simulations in open JT gravity show dynamical black hole formation from an initial pure state.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"27da4d83d973561d546ea814db53b3e27ac8351c8c9fe467f19e50c6dc28f1c4"},"source":{"id":"2605.14573","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"c468dc09-aad7-4c94-b006-9a4dd0443882","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T01:35:53.547740Z","strongest_claim":"Using numerical simulations in the semiclassical and high-temperature regime, we demonstrate the dynamical formation of black holes.","one_line_summary":"Numerical simulations show dynamical black hole formation in non-Markovian open JT gravity, corresponding to irreversible thermalization on the boundary.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The holographic Lindblad prescription can be consistently extended to non-Markovian dynamics while remaining valid for JT gravity coupled to a scalar field.","pith_extraction_headline":"Numerical simulations in open JT gravity show dynamical black hole formation from an initial pure state."},"references":{"count":37,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":1998,"title":"The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity","work_id":"d6d2272a-c223-471a-bbbf-bfe4ee6a8ff3","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"hep-th/9711200","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"","year":1998,"title":"Gauge Theory Correlators from Non-Critical String Theory","work_id":"31a4a9b9-435c-4d7b-a180-437bbbabbe5a","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"hep-th/9802109","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"","year":1998,"title":"Anti De Sitter Space And Holography","work_id":"3559baf4-a73f-4ab9-924e-dc5290a82643","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"hep-th/9802150","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"","year":1998,"title":"Anti-de Sitter Space, Thermal Phase Transition, And Confinement In Gauge Theories","work_id":"6f7c18b3-bce8-44fe-8d2d-15def7bb40f8","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"hep-th/9803131","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"","year":2000,"title":"Black Hole Formation in AdS and Thermalization on the Boundary","work_id":"9b72d860-4023-445e-a360-337a6e23da5a","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"hep-th/9912209","is_internal_anchor":true}],"resolved_work":37,"snapshot_sha256":"1820d1186d2368b02824eed06344d9946b230a6bdb768bdf56b44a4c7fe930a8","internal_anchors":24},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"127784141584d42731afe11689fd39134efc2ba866a963c4b442a8868f334d09"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}