{"paper":{"title":"On the limiting geometry of unsteady breaking waves subject to co-flowing wind: spectrally-informed versus locally-measured steepness","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.ao-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"2), (2) Imperial College London, (3) Universitat Polit\\`ecnica de Catalunya), Adrian H. Callaghan (2) ((1) Ocean University of China, Enrique M. Padilla (3), Rui Cao (1, Xu Chen (1)","submitted_at":"2026-05-27T17:05:11Z","abstract_excerpt":"Wave steepness is a key geometric variable for describing breaking occurrence and its consequences, including energy dissipation and air entrainment. Using three laboratory campaigns under varying spectral conditions and co-flowing wind forcing, we contrast two types of steepness commonly used for unsteady breaking waves: spectrally-informed wave-group steepness (prognostic), obtained from fixed-point surface-elevation records, and locally-measured crest steepness (diagnostic), obtained from spatial surface profiles extracted using the SDBW-I image-processing method developed herein. For the f"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.28907","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.28907/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}