{"paper":{"title":"Convective cooling and fragmentation of gravitationally unstable disks","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Roman R. Rafikov (CITA)","submitted_at":"2006-09-20T16:21:44Z","abstract_excerpt":"Gravitationally unstable disks can fragment and form bound objects provided that their cooling time is short. In protoplanetary disks radiative cooling is likely to be too slow to permit formation of planets by fragmentation within several tens of AU from the star. Recently, convection has been suggested as a faster means of heat loss from the disk but here we demonstrate that it is only marginally more efficient than the radiative cooling. The crucial factor is the rate at which energy can be radiated from the disk photosphere, which is robustly limited from above in the convective case by th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0609549","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}