{"paper":{"title":"Kinetic Simulations of Laser-Driven Compression and Heating of Magnetised Cryogenic Hydrogen Targets using PIConGPU","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Charge-separation fronts in laser-driven cryogenic hydrogen form non-quasi-neutral double layers that dominate fast-ion acceleration.","cross_cats":["physics.comp-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"Brian Marre, David Blaschke, Filip Opto{\\l}owicz, Klaus Steiniger, Michael Bussmann","submitted_at":"2026-05-15T17:23:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present fully kinetic two-dimensional, three-velocity-component (2D3V) PIConGPU simulations of a three-beam direct-drive interaction with a 15 $\\mu$m solid-density cryogenic hydrogen cylinder, establishing a predictive numerical baseline for the operational DRACO ($\\tau=30$ fs) and upcoming PENELOPE ($\\tau=150$ fs) laser facilities at HZDR. The simulations resolve charge-separation fields on the order of 3 TV/m and reveal a robust kinematic bifurcation of the accelerated population into a fast (1-5 MeV) ion beam and a slower bulk (1-100 keV) flow. We demonstrate analytically and numerically"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We demonstrate analytically and numerically that the charge-separation front (v_hb) is an intrinsically non-quasi-neutral electrostatic double layer that lies outside the closure assumptions of radiation-hydrodynamic models. A simple 2v_hb reflection scaling ... establishing this non-thermal mechanism as the dominant acceleration pathway.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The 2D3V PIConGPU simulations with the chosen resolution and three-beam setup accurately capture the physical charge-separation fields and ion bifurcation without significant numerical artifacts or missing three-dimensional effects in the cylindrical geometry.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Kinetic PIC simulations identify a non-quasi-neutral charge-separation double layer as the dominant ion acceleration mechanism in laser-driven cryogenic hydrogen targets, which is suppressed by kT-scale axial magnetic fields that also extend compression time.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Charge-separation fronts in laser-driven cryogenic hydrogen form non-quasi-neutral double layers that dominate fast-ion acceleration.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"c8210c3cb77a7fa6b9d00c7a1d96bc8b9e1c1045815883c7e8683e1e7f1490bb"},"source":{"id":"2605.16206","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"8e40e596-eeab-46dd-bcf6-ae9bc1d9b720","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T18:30:53.598874Z","strongest_claim":"We demonstrate analytically and numerically that the charge-separation front (v_hb) is an intrinsically non-quasi-neutral electrostatic double layer that lies outside the closure assumptions of radiation-hydrodynamic models. A simple 2v_hb reflection scaling ... establishing this non-thermal mechanism as the dominant acceleration pathway.","one_line_summary":"Kinetic PIC simulations identify a non-quasi-neutral charge-separation double layer as the dominant ion acceleration mechanism in laser-driven cryogenic hydrogen targets, which is suppressed by kT-scale axial magnetic fields that also extend compression time.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The 2D3V PIConGPU simulations with the chosen resolution and three-beam setup accurately capture the physical charge-separation fields and ion bifurcation without significant numerical artifacts or missing three-dimensional effects in the cylindrical geometry.","pith_extraction_headline":"Charge-separation fronts in laser-driven cryogenic hydrogen form non-quasi-neutral double layers that dominate fast-ion acceleration."},"integrity":{"clean":false,"summary":{"advisory":1,"critical":0,"by_detector":{"doi_compliance":{"total":1,"advisory":1,"critical":0,"informational":0}},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.16206/integrity.json","findings":[{"note":"DOI in the printed bibliography is fragmented by whitespace or line breaks. A longer candidate (10.3390/particles1010000Version) was visible in the surrounding text but could not be confirmed against doi.org as printed.","detector":"doi_compliance","severity":"advisory","ref_index":13,"audited_at":"2026-05-19T18:40:59.075401Z","detected_doi":"10.3390/particles1010000Version","finding_type":"recoverable_identifier","verdict_class":"incontrovertible","detected_arxiv_id":null}],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:01:18.886888Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:40:59.075401Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":1},{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:49:44.169542Z","status":"skipped","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:33:24.843597Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"external_links","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:31:35.226479Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:22:07.252076Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T16:41:55.398701Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"a0ea36040b025358de84d0193514d7afb7dd355baeaf707f349e27fa3791d094"},"references":{"count":16,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/874/1/012028","year":null,"title":"First results with the novel petawatt laser acceleration facility in Dresden.Journal of Physics: Conference Series2017,874, 012028","work_id":"2afc5822-76ae-4a19-82cd-24490ebd7197","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Single-event neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy with a petawatt-laser-driven neutron source, 2025, [arXiv:nucl-ex/2506.20026]","work_id":"20659baf-061b-497b-8506-21df98992f29","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.3390/instruments5040038","year":null,"title":"Towards High-Repetition-Rate Fast Neutron Sources Using Novel Enabling Technologies.Instruments2021,5","work_id":"451e1c72-4ea2-493a-b9c7-b7eb6f69019e","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Scaling of thin wire cylindrical compression after 100 fs Joule surface heating with material, diameter and laser energy, 2025, [arXiv:physics.plasm-ph/2507.12109]","work_id":"464afa9e-81fa-4d95-98b9-a3c222b2ca08","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1017/hpl.2018.59","year":2018,"title":"Performance demonstration of the PEnELOPE main amplifier HEPA I using broadband nanosecond pulses.High Power Laser Science and Engineering2019,7, e1","work_id":"477af508-e30d-4dba-8c18-2d3e226006b3","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":16,"snapshot_sha256":"2dd6526aa805ad8e00f6a645b382b07d3069c1afd140aadac7d357e4910acd89","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}