{"paper":{"title":"Three-dimensional laser cooling at the Doppler limit","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.quant-gas"],"primary_cat":"physics.atom-ph","authors_text":"Alain Aspect, Christoph I Westbrook, David Cl\\'ement, Kevin Audo, Lynn Hoendervanger, Quentin Bouton, Rockson Chang, Tobias Klafka, Yami Fang","submitted_at":"2014-09-08T20:39:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Many predictions of Doppler cooling theory of two-level atoms have never been verified in a three-dimensional geometry, including the celebrated minimum achievable temperature $\\hbar \\Gamma/2 k_B$, where $\\Gamma$ is the transition linewidth. Here, we show that, despite their degenerate level structure, we can use Helium-4 atoms to achieve a situation in which these predictions can be verified. We make measurements of atomic temperatures, magneto-optical trap sizes, and the sensitivity of optical molasses to a power imbalance in the laser beams, finding excellent agreement with the Doppler theo"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1409.2519","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}