{"paper":{"title":"How Well Do AI Systems Solve AP Physics? A Comparative Evaluation of Large Language Models on Algebra-Based Free Response Questions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Bilas Paul, Jashandeep Kaur, Shantanu Chakraborty, Shruti Shrestha","submitted_at":"2026-03-08T04:16:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"The rapid advancement of LLMs has generated growing interest in their potential role in physics education and assessment, yet a focused evaluation of their performance on multi-faceted, free-response physics problems remains underexplored. In this study, we systematically evaluate the performance of four widely accessible AI systems-ChatGPT 4.1 mini, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Claude 4.0 Sonnet, and DeepSeek R1-on AP Physics 1 and 2 free-response questions administered between 2015 and 2025. Model-generated solutions were produced under standardized exam-style prompting and evaluated by three independe"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2603.07457","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2603.07457/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}