{"paper":{"title":"Modelling Farm-to-Farm Interaction Using a Fast Linearised Numerical Approach","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"A fast linearised 2D model shows ground proximity drives upward displacement of wind farm wakes, making downstream farms with higher hub heights more vulnerable.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Alexia Everley, Hossein A. Kafiabad, Majid Bastankhah","submitted_at":"2026-05-06T11:34:32Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper presents a computationally efficient, linearised numerical method for modelling aerodynamic interactions between wind farms. The linearised two-dimensional incompressible equations are solved using Fourier transforms in the horizontal direction and finite-difference discretisation in the vertical. Model predictions are validated against large-eddy simulation (LES) data, focusing on a tandem wind farm configuration where a downstream wind farm operates within the wake of an upstream array. A parametric study is then conducted to examine the impact of this wake on the performance of t"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We demonstrate that the upward vertical displacement of these wakes is driven by asymmetric turbulent entrainment caused by the farm's proximity to the ground, which restricts downward wake expansion. Consequently, the results suggest that, due to this upward wake displacement, downstream wind farms with higher hub heights may be more strongly affected by upstream farms than those with lower hub heights.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The linearised two-dimensional incompressible equations remain sufficiently accurate for the wake recovery and vertical displacement observed in tandem farm configurations at the tested distances and hub-height ratios.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A linearised Fourier-finite-difference model predicts upward wake displacement from ground-restricted entrainment, implying higher-hub downstream farms suffer more from upstream wakes.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A fast linearised 2D model shows ground proximity drives upward displacement of wind farm wakes, making downstream farms with higher hub heights more vulnerable.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"e79aee2163ace4ed99cd8344642fdfaa366f562506e09e6cb93e77c2f98d9ff0"},"source":{"id":"2605.04782","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"344a0a4d-9ecb-4924-8967-239465a01b06","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-08T17:09:11.315881Z","strongest_claim":"We demonstrate that the upward vertical displacement of these wakes is driven by asymmetric turbulent entrainment caused by the farm's proximity to the ground, which restricts downward wake expansion. Consequently, the results suggest that, due to this upward wake displacement, downstream wind farms with higher hub heights may be more strongly affected by upstream farms than those with lower hub heights.","one_line_summary":"A linearised Fourier-finite-difference model predicts upward wake displacement from ground-restricted entrainment, implying higher-hub downstream farms suffer more from upstream wakes.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The linearised two-dimensional incompressible equations remain sufficiently accurate for the wake recovery and vertical displacement observed in tandem farm configurations at the tested distances and hub-height ratios.","pith_extraction_headline":"A fast linearised 2D model shows ground proximity drives upward displacement of wind farm wakes, making downstream farms with higher hub heights more vulnerable."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.04782/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-20T11:34:30.787237Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:01:29.123505Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:10:26.898166Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"eb71224a69b639c220ffc8593458a6f78266cbac84025b1172fb79857d8bcd55"},"references":{"count":21,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"Bastankhah M, Mohammadi M, Lees C, Diaz G, Buxton O and Ivanell S 2024 A fast-running physics-based wake model for a semi-infinite wind farmJournal of Fluid Mechanics985A43","work_id":"8276f9a1-5f83-4c7e-b53c-986a5b38a24e","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"Nygaard N Get al.2020 Modelling cluster wakes and wind farm blockageJournal of Physics: Conference Seriesvol 1618 aDS / Harv. Press","work_id":"220f207d-bf3c-4a5d-9a3b-bab82fb871e3","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"Pettas Vet al.2021 On the effects of inter-farm interactions at the offshore windWind Energy Science61455","work_id":"3ea79850-abe9-48ae-9602-679477b0de9c","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2017,"title":"Stevens R and Meneveau C 2017 Flow structure and turbulence in wind farmsAnnual review of fluid mechanics49311–339","work_id":"6cbb7d4d-13a5-4d28-8d10-72dd3d8feddf","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"Port´ e-Agel Fet al.2020 Wind-turbine and wind-farm flows: A reviewBoundary-Layer Meteorology1741–59","work_id":"8cb05f6d-2bbd-46ba-b056-4876b3c17c4e","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":21,"snapshot_sha256":"e000c9c470c8c15dd705c218eda96e92d22ddbbd8ddf9295d64e13c4a13a9f9a","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}