{"paper":{"title":"Introducing the Lumina project: large-volume radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the epochs of hydrogen and helium reionization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Lumina simulation shows hydrogen reionization mostly finished by galaxies at z~5.2 with helium reionization by AGN nearly complete at z=3.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Aaron Smith, Lars Hernquist, Mark Vogelsberger, Oliver Zier, Rahul Kannan, Rongrong Liu, R\\\"udiger Pakmor, Sonja M. Koehler, Teodora-Elena Bulichi, Volker Springel, Xuejian Shen","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T18:23:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"Understanding how galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) jointly drive the reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) across cosmic time remains a major challenge in cosmology. We present Lumina, a large-volume radiation-hydrodynamic simulation that self-consistently follows the coupled evolution of the intergalactic medium, galaxies, and AGN through HI, HeI, and HeII reionization down to redshift $z=3$. Lumina evolves a cosmological volume of comoving side length $L_{\\mathrm{box}}=500\\,\\mathrm{cMpc}$ with $2\\times 6000^{3}$ resolution elements, corresponding to baryonic and dark-matter"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Lumina predicts a late, predominantly stellar-driven hydrogen reionization, with the median sub-volume fully ionized by z≈5.2 and residual neutral HI patches persisting until z≈4.75. HeII reionization is driven self-consistently by AGN and is nearly complete by z=3.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The IllustrisTNG galaxy-formation model, when coupled to the six-bin M1 radiation transport solver, accurately captures the escape of ionizing photons from galaxies and AGN without requiring additional tuning beyond the original TNG calibration.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Lumina runs a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation combining IllustrisTNG galaxy formation with six-bin M1 radiation transport to predict late stellar-driven HI reionization ending around z=4.75 and AGN-driven HeII reionization nearly complete by z=3.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Lumina simulation shows hydrogen reionization mostly finished by galaxies at z~5.2 with helium reionization by AGN nearly complete at z=3.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"64c21207bc6a46bbd7f97e9f27bba7dfc2bb5df208d8b8fbc669498ae945c943"},"source":{"id":"2605.15310","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"bd6cd127-463e-4579-94e8-b1203039bb5b","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T16:09:32.219394Z","strongest_claim":"Lumina predicts a late, predominantly stellar-driven hydrogen reionization, with the median sub-volume fully ionized by z≈5.2 and residual neutral HI patches persisting until z≈4.75. HeII reionization is driven self-consistently by AGN and is nearly complete by z=3.","one_line_summary":"Lumina runs a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation combining IllustrisTNG galaxy formation with six-bin M1 radiation transport to predict late stellar-driven HI reionization ending around z=4.75 and AGN-driven HeII reionization nearly complete by z=3.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The IllustrisTNG galaxy-formation model, when coupled to the six-bin M1 radiation transport solver, accurately captures the escape of ionizing photons from galaxies and AGN without requiring additional tuning beyond the original TNG calibration.","pith_extraction_headline":"Lumina simulation shows hydrogen reionization mostly finished by galaxies at z~5.2 with helium reionization by AGN nearly complete at z=3."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.15310/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T16:31:18.334604Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T16:27:02.121622Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:41:54.220294Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T13:33:22.774825Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"be7c475e254fdbf2f983f05c55f800c828c15b9c6eb2acc84f56567539377114"},"references":{"count":300,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1093/mnras/stae2626","year":null,"title":"The diverse star formation histories of early massive, quenched galaxies in modern galaxy formation simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2626 , archivePrefix =. 2409.16916 , primaryClass =","work_id":"45efe990-2fba-4e80-bcc0-d23f20328254","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/ada6ac","year":null,"title":"2025, title The Formation Histories of Massive and Quiescent Galaxies in the 3 < z < 4.5 Universe , , 981, 78, 10.3847/1538-4357/ada6ac","work_id":"925db8e3-070e-4998-9fdc-f0d3584e0f1f","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1093/mnras/stad1095","year":null,"title":"doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1095","work_id":"39484fe5-07ba-4f1b-8d5b-af167eca4be7","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.22393","year":null,"title":"arXiv e-prints , keywords =","work_id":"040ce625-6ba5-4e1c-ae6d-f48f21edcfb6","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1038/s41550-024-02424-3","year":null,"title":"J., Brammer , G., et al","work_id":"72e4635b-7298-4578-a52e-4f0106edf90e","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":300,"snapshot_sha256":"7df3f79fac3bc4f08c723ed7f0aa0f3200435dc858bfb861105d5834bcca7401","internal_anchors":125},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"08023e58f3c58f33e35c90af662160aa8c65cfe7b1b78db6aaa41cac2834be17"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}