{"paper":{"title":"Building Resilience to Misinformation: A Cross-National Development of the Digital Media and Information Literacy Scale (DMILS)","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Researchers developed the DMILS as an 18-item self-report and 16-item objective scale to measure digital media and information literacy across the United States and Singapore.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Cuihua Shen, Hichang Cho, Huiyi Wang, Sijia Qian","submitted_at":"2026-05-17T22:09:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"Amid growing concern about information quality and credibility in digital media environments, researchers and educators still lack a concise, comprehensive yet psychometrically sound instrument for tracking the competencies that help people navigate this landscape. This article develops the Digital Media and Information Literacy Scale (DMILS), a robust and multidimensional measure that distinguishes domain (digital vs. information/news), competency type (knowledge vs. skill), and is measured through both subjective and objective items. Through two empirical studies with three nationally matche"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Through two empirical studies with three nationally matched samples in the United States and Singapore (N = 1,498), we developed an 18-item self-report battery and 16-item objective knowledge questions, showing strong structural, convergent, and predictive validity, along with a short form (8 self-report and 8 objective items).","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The three nationally matched samples from the United States and Singapore provide a sufficient and representative basis for establishing cross-national structural, convergent, and predictive validity of the DMILS.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Develops and validates the DMILS, an 18-item self-report and 16-item objective scale distinguishing digital vs. information domains and knowledge vs. skill competencies, tested on nationally matched US and Singapore samples (N=1,498) with a short form.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Researchers developed the DMILS as an 18-item self-report and 16-item objective scale to measure digital media and information literacy across the United States and Singapore.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"3c0cf999a4669eccabb158eb09a51321f147838241309266764ddae5d732cb49"},"source":{"id":"2605.17676","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"d98d65cb-0305-46ee-8496-2812b69fa0c6","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T22:12:15.786450Z","strongest_claim":"Through two empirical studies with three nationally matched samples in the United States and Singapore (N = 1,498), we developed an 18-item self-report battery and 16-item objective knowledge questions, showing strong structural, convergent, and predictive validity, along with a short form (8 self-report and 8 objective items).","one_line_summary":"Develops and validates the DMILS, an 18-item self-report and 16-item objective scale distinguishing digital vs. information domains and knowledge vs. skill competencies, tested on nationally matched US and Singapore samples (N=1,498) with a short form.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The three nationally matched samples from the United States and Singapore provide a sufficient and representative basis for establishing cross-national structural, convergent, and predictive validity of the DMILS.","pith_extraction_headline":"Researchers developed the DMILS as an 18-item self-report and 16-item objective scale to measure digital media and information literacy across the United States and Singapore."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.17676/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:31:19.447664Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:20:57.398301Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T21:51:59.181062Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T21:49:44.259689Z","status":"skipped","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T21:33:23.531189Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T21:21:57.444339Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"5f8805efe9e037ada8499351e88405a7861868a9f121832979962ef9ee85902e"},"references":{"count":3,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2013,"title":"PDF 2. 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