{"paper":{"title":"Interactions of sublimated frost with volcanic plumes: Modelling Io's SO$_2$ atmosphere using the DSMC method","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Audrey Vorburger, Leander Schlarmann, Nicolas Thomas, Peter Wurz, Tim Mosimann","submitted_at":"2026-06-17T13:16:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"Io's tenuous atmosphere consists primarily of sulphur dioxide (SO$_2$) with observed column densities of approximately $10^{16}{-}10^{17}$ cm$^{-2}$. However, it remains uncertain whether the sublimation of SO$_2$ surface frost or volcanic outgassing is the primary source of the SO$_2$ atmosphere. In this study, we produce a 2D model of Io's SO$_2$ atmosphere using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. For this purpose, we conduct a literature review on thermophysical parameters of Io's SO$_2$ surface frost to refine the surface temperature model in accordance with the most recent o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.19048","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.19048/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}