{"paper":{"title":"Push and Pull in Community College Cross-Enrollment: Remoteness, Articulation, and Student Mobility","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Less remote community colleges both send out and receive more cross-enrolling students, and those with higher course equivalency ratios draw even more incoming cross-enrollers.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Ashutosh Tiwari, Conrad Borchers, Robin Schmucker, Zachary A. Pardos","submitted_at":"2026-05-16T13:31:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"Cross-enrollment across institutions can expand access to courses and support student progression. Still, little is known about how geographic constraints and institutional policies jointly shape cross-enrollment within community college (CC) systems. We adopt a push-pull framework: geographic remoteness constrains feasible cross-institution mobility, while credit mobility may attract enrollment expressed as articulation (CC-to-university: credit toward a four-year partner) and course equivalencies (CC-to-CC: equivalencies across the system). Using de-identified administrative records from a 1"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Less remote colleges exhibit higher outgoing and incoming cross-enrollment than more remote colleges. Cross-enrolled students are more likely to take articulated courses, and institutions with higher equivalency ratios receive higher incoming cross-enrollment (8.62% vs. 6.70%). This association was slightly stronger at more remote colleges.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That differences in cross-enrollment rates are driven by remoteness and equivalency ratios rather than unmeasured factors such as institutional size, student demographics, or course availability at each college.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Quantitative analysis of administrative data from a community college system links lower geographic remoteness and higher credit equivalency ratios to increased cross-enrollment rates.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Less remote community colleges both send out and receive more cross-enrolling students, and those with higher course equivalency ratios draw even more incoming cross-enrollers.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"76efc3e4531b5a3656fcc73fc1ff9f0514c7cc128efa6b56969ae3f69a12bdd7"},"source":{"id":"2605.16992","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"0a9ac301-0ff3-42f8-9d65-40782f17934f","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T19:20:04.175220Z","strongest_claim":"Less remote colleges exhibit higher outgoing and incoming cross-enrollment than more remote colleges. Cross-enrolled students are more likely to take articulated courses, and institutions with higher equivalency ratios receive higher incoming cross-enrollment (8.62% vs. 6.70%). This association was slightly stronger at more remote colleges.","one_line_summary":"Quantitative analysis of administrative data from a community college system links lower geographic remoteness and higher credit equivalency ratios to increased cross-enrollment rates.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That differences in cross-enrollment rates are driven by remoteness and equivalency ratios rather than unmeasured factors such as institutional size, student demographics, or course availability at each college.","pith_extraction_headline":"Less remote community colleges both send out and receive more cross-enrolling students, and those with higher course equivalency ratios draw even more incoming cross-enrollers."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.16992/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:50:03.338559Z","status":"completed","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:31:18.909041Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:30:41.949379Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:23:44.083871Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:41:56.205971Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:33:26.294623Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"0dffce57a06f80c60b9b5f604b5ff243251da052d77541ce9626cf647c320f3c"},"references":{"count":19,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Riley Acton, Kalena E Cortes, Lois Miller, and Camila Morales. 2025. Distance to degrees: How college proximity shapes students’ enrollment choices and attain- ment across race-ethnicity and socioecon","work_id":"7618f094-faac-456f-89ec-3d985acb092d","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2006,"title":"Gregory Anderson, Jeffrey C Sun, and Mariana Alfonso. 2006. Effectiveness of statewide articulation agreements on the probability of transfer: A preliminary policy analysis.The Review of Higher Educat","work_id":"00e66beb-0244-403f-91b1-b19ba193d662","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"Sorathan Chaturapruek, Tobias Dalberg, Marissa E Thompson, Sonia Giebel, Monique H Harrison, Ramesh Johari, Mitchell L Stevens, and Rene F Kizilcec","work_id":"351ad5a2-1c59-4722-bd32-88a56ebf9249","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"Studying undergraduate course consideration at scale.AERA Open7 (2021), 2332858421991148","work_id":"12cfbdbc-caaa-469e-aee2-814190a650c0","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"Christian Fischer, Zachary A Pardos, Ryan Shaun Baker, Joseph Jay Williams, Padhraic Smyth, Renzhe Yu, Stefan Slater, Rachel Baker, and Mark Warschauer","work_id":"cf6b4e64-142f-48ce-b15d-ee029c923beb","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":19,"snapshot_sha256":"2baf7eb488ef1d7949ca8453e7b0434d9e23462b23ddeaf2d795144e494c3027","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"35215c0ee4866f39a486ee47f398301a5a4d316fa035c77967979b90d21d39c8"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}