{"paper":{"title":"Two-Level vs. Multi-Level Modelling: An Empirical Study of Cascading Maintenance Burden","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Bowen Jiang, Georg Grossmann, Haowei Cheng, Karamjit Kaur, Markus Stumptner, Matt Selway, Weixing Zhang, Yuhong Fu","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"When a core definition changes, every dependent artefact must be updated, a cascading problem central to software maintenance. In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the dominant two-level modelling (2LM) paradigm fragments domain knowledge across metamodel and model artefacts that must be kept mutually consistent, making co-evolution a persistent source of inconsistencies and effort. Multi-level modelling (MLM) unifies these artefacts and is claimed to reduce co-evolution burden, but this has not been tested in a controlled, paired comparison against 2LM. We hypothesise that MLM's structural unif"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.24721/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}