{"paper":{"title":"Universality Reconsidered: Rethinking the Validation of Foundation Models for General-Purpose 3D Medical Segmentation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Chenguang Zheng, Feiyang Xiao, Gang Feng, Le Xue, Wenbo Zhang, Yichi Zhang, Yuan Cheng, Yuan Qi, Zixin Hu","submitted_at":"2026-02-07T17:54:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Foundation models have emerged as a transformative paradigm in 3D medical imaging, with the promise of unified quantitative analysis across diverse targets and imaging modalities. Yet the prevailing conception of universality remains incomplete. Current models are predominantly developed and evaluated on datasets largely concentrated around a limited set of imaging modalities and anatomical regions. In this Perspective, we evaluate representative 3D segmentation foundation models using paired whole-body structural and functional imaging data. Our analysis reveals a substantial gap between benc"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2602.07643","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2602.07643/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}