{"paper":{"title":"Blending machine learning and physics-based approaches for weather and climate: a typology","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","authors_text":"Ben B. B. Booth, Benjamin J Shipway, Caroline Bain, David Walters, Elizabeth Kendon, Ian Boutle, Katherine L. Hill, Robin T. Clark, Simon B. Vosper","submitted_at":"2026-05-20T09:10:45Z","abstract_excerpt":"The integration of machine learning (ML) with traditional physics-based models is reshaping the landscape of weather and climate prediction. On their own, ML-based and physics-based approaches each have significant benefits - but also challenges. Deploying both these approaches side by side has the potential to accelerate the pull through of emerging science in a trusted and practical way. But there are many choices that can be made to how we \"blend\" ML and established physics-based modelling systems to get the optimal benefits. This paper aims to provide a typology of blended modelling approa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.20925","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.20925/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}