{"paper":{"title":"On the formation of a Hawking-radiation photosphere around microscopic black holes","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Andrew F. Heckler","submitted_at":"1996-01-08T17:47:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"We show that once a black hole surpasses some critical temperature $T_{crit}$, the emitted Hawking radiation interacts with itself and forms a nearly thermal photosphere. Using QED, we show that the dominant interactions are bremsstrahlung and electron-photon pair production, and we estimate $T_{crit} \\sim m_{e}/\\alpha^{5/2}$, which when calculated more precisely is found to be $T_{crit} \\approx $45 GeV. The formation of the photosphere is purely a particle physics effect, and not a general relativistic effect, since the the photosphere forms roughly $\\alpha^{-4}$ Schwarzschild radii away from"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9601029","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/9601029/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}