{"paper":{"title":"Newton's Second Law: A Theoretical Identity Derived from the Principle of Excluded Perpetual Motion and the Weak Equivalence Principle","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.class-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","authors_text":"Lars Nordmann","submitted_at":"2026-08-06T16:57:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"For more than three centuries, Newton's Second Law (F=ma) has governed mechanics with undisputed success, yet its epistemic authority has rested on empirical adequacy alone. That empirical contingency vanishes under two physical principles - the Principle of Excluded Perpetual Motion (PEPM) and the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) - from which the law emerges as a structural necessity of admissible mechanics. Under the PEPM constraint, Suppes' operational measurement protocol grounds gravitational mass and force as independent primitives. The fusion of Stevin's static and Galileo's kinematic i"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2608.06266","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2608.06266/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}