{"paper":{"title":"Kozai-driven mass loss of the circumbinary disk in D9 in orbit around the supermassive black hole Sgr A*","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"The circumbinary disk around D9 loses about 7 percent of its mass every von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai cycle induced by Sgr A*.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.SR"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Lucas Pouw, Simon Portegies Zwart, Tim van der Vuurst, Yannick Badoux","submitted_at":"2026-04-10T19:35:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"The supermassive black hole (Sgr A*) in the Galactic center is surrounded by the S-star cluster consisting of young stars on eccentric orbits. Recently, the S-star binary, called D9, was found to be orbited by a circumbinary disk. Due to the gravitational interaction between Sgr A* and the binary, the disk could be short-lived. We investigate the evolution of the disk around a stellar binary while orbiting Sgr A*. We use the \\texttt{AMUSE} framework for coupling a gravity solver (for the binary and Sgr. A*) with a hydrodynamics solver (for the disk). We find that, the disk eventually settles b"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We find the disk loses ∼7% ± 2% of its mass every vZLK cycle. If we extrapolate this mass loss, the disk will have 1% of its current mass left after another ∼4 Myr. D9 will then be ∼6.7 Myr old, which is on the same order as the current average age of S cluster members. The vZLK-driven mass loss could, therefore, explain the absence of Brγ emission from other S cluster members.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The mass loss rate of ~7% per cycle remains constant over multiple Myr without significant changes from unmodeled physics such as stellar winds, radiation, or variations in initial disk conditions.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Numerical simulations find that vZLK oscillations induce periodic mass loss from D9's circumbinary disk at a rate of ~7% per 62.5 kyr cycle, leading to near-total depletion after ~4 Myr.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"The circumbinary disk around D9 loses about 7 percent of its mass every von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai cycle induced by Sgr A*.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"eb0421b692ddbf509a542cc10cc1c48d8f07051f5e6e8138f48ae2cf0998734b"},"source":{"id":"2604.09856","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"e648bf3b-c637-494f-9de2-d16d3868ed8e","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-10T16:56:42.133778Z","strongest_claim":"We find the disk loses ∼7% ± 2% of its mass every vZLK cycle. If we extrapolate this mass loss, the disk will have 1% of its current mass left after another ∼4 Myr. D9 will then be ∼6.7 Myr old, which is on the same order as the current average age of S cluster members. The vZLK-driven mass loss could, therefore, explain the absence of Brγ emission from other S cluster members.","one_line_summary":"Numerical simulations find that vZLK oscillations induce periodic mass loss from D9's circumbinary disk at a rate of ~7% per 62.5 kyr cycle, leading to near-total depletion after ~4 Myr.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The mass loss rate of ~7% per cycle remains constant over multiple Myr without significant changes from unmodeled physics such as stellar winds, radiation, or variations in initial disk conditions.","pith_extraction_headline":"The circumbinary disk around D9 loses about 7 percent of its mass every von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai cycle induced by Sgr A*."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2604.09856/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":27,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2012,"title":"2012, ApJ, 757, L29","work_id":"33d295ac-ea0c-460a-931f-87b8d814d7a6","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"Cheng, S. J., Vinson, A. M., & Naoz, S. 2019, MNRAS, 489, 2298","work_id":"edf70984-9850-4560-9160-becff2335f56","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1996,"title":"Eckart, A. & Genzel, R. 1996, Nature, 383, 415","work_id":"580431cd-e6a9-47e4-b5bc-8b0ce11a7de6","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2010,"title":"2010, A&A, 512, A80","work_id":"79cb19a2-54b6-464d-a642-295a7fa9de15","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2007,"title":"2007, PASJ, 59, 1095","work_id":"25705e2b-4970-44e1-bd05-45878231cacb","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":27,"snapshot_sha256":"442794ca6b90f445410cdbe8c3fba20ccb5347953668901ade97aa9bf6bae16d","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}