{"paper":{"title":"Quantifying water-driven geometric uncertainties in powder bed concrete printing using high-resolution 3D modeling","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Varying water dosage in powder bed concrete 3D printing creates systematic geometric deviations that designers can offset by pre-adjusting the digital model.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CE","authors_text":"Annika Robens-Radermacher, Christoph Wolf, Daniel Kadoke, J\\\"org F. Unger, Petr Hlav\\'a\\v{c}ek","submitted_at":"2026-05-18T12:17:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"Dimensional accuracy in powder bed 3D printing of concrete is strongly influenced by binder distribution, and the resulting geometric deviations can be direction-dependent. This study examines how voxel-wise water dosage influences geometric fidelity and deviation anisotropy. Experiments show that small changes in water content can cause large, systematic deviations, including edge rounding and swelling.\n  We quantify these effects using high-resolution stereophotogrammetry, aligning as-built scans with CAD models. We then compute deviation metrics such as point-wise distance errors and volume"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Experiments show that small changes in water content can cause large, systematic deviations, including edge rounding and swelling. ... we demonstrate a design-compensation concept that pre-adjusts digital geometry to counter predictable deviations, improving accuracy without post-processing.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"This is explained by excess voxel water diffusing into surrounding powder, leaving the effective water-cement ratio largely unchanged. (This premise supports the claim that mechanical properties remain stable despite varying water dosage.)","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Experiments show small changes in voxel water dosage cause large, directionally biased geometric deviations like edge rounding and swelling in printed concrete, which can be reduced by pre-adjusting the digital CAD model.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Varying water dosage in powder bed concrete 3D printing creates systematic geometric deviations that designers can offset by pre-adjusting the digital model.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"89d37b59d465a86e8014de8eb6656410bc77b314773bce9687ac37bd3e924c7c"},"source":{"id":"2605.18290","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"2c5bae87-f290-461e-a974-b9542f186afc","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T23:36:12.516679Z","strongest_claim":"Experiments show that small changes in water content can cause large, systematic deviations, including edge rounding and swelling. ... we demonstrate a design-compensation concept that pre-adjusts digital geometry to counter predictable deviations, improving accuracy without post-processing.","one_line_summary":"Experiments show small changes in voxel water dosage cause large, directionally biased geometric deviations like edge rounding and swelling in printed concrete, which can be reduced by pre-adjusting the digital CAD model.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"This is explained by excess voxel water diffusing into surrounding powder, leaving the effective water-cement ratio largely unchanged. (This premise supports the claim that mechanical properties remain stable despite varying water dosage.)","pith_extraction_headline":"Varying water dosage in powder bed concrete 3D printing creates systematic geometric deviations that designers can offset by pre-adjusting the digital model."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.18290/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-20T00:01:20.488073Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T23:41:09.715692Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T23:33:35.223809Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T23:21:58.920494Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"5636a1515ad27aa307af9b134fe72e19467f9d920b782c5404b0193a57968f12"},"references":{"count":44,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","year":2018,"title":"G. De Schutter, K. Lesage, V . Mechtcherine, V . N. Nerella, G. Habert, I. Agusti-Juan, Vision of 3d printing with concrete — technical, economic and environmental potentials, Cement and Concrete Rese","work_id":"48f7bd1f-83a9-4afd-b752-828b59028e56","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.autcon.2006.05.002","year":2007,"title":"R. Buswell, R. Soar, A. Gibb, A. Thorpe, Freeform construction: Mega-scale rapid manufacturing for construction, Automation in Construction 16 (2) (2007) 224–231.doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2006.05.002","work_id":"257a4295-d37e-4367-b6c9-bbe4a3282461","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.autcon.2011.06.010","year":2012,"title":"S. Lim, R. Buswell, T. Le, S. Austin, A. Gibb, T. Thorpe, Developments in construction-scale additive manufactur- ing processes, Automation in Construction 21 (2012) 262–268.doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2011.","work_id":"36b0fefa-95f5-4722-928f-0eb3df72b793","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"Z. Zhuang, F. Xu, J. Ye, N. Hu, L. Jiang, Y . Weng, A comprehensive review of sustainable materials and toolpath optimization in 3d concrete printing, npj Materials Sustainability 2 (1) (Jun. 2024).do","work_id":"1f375a0e-f78d-488e-8a56-aa874f77f093","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","year":2018,"title":"R. Buswell, W. Leal de Silva, S. Jones, J. Dirrenberger, 3d printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research, Cement and Concrete Research 112 (2018) 37–49.doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","work_id":"f84c4289-3f7a-4826-8f2e-d3ec49c3d82a","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":44,"snapshot_sha256":"09b16d8382f27231dd966ba65c39fa80cd24858f04b5e7e854387504f00fb3c2","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"0904dadf992ad4a2e21846c0f490d2b9940155a8b1ce315cff07ab8851117ccb"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}