{"paper":{"title":"Experimental study of underwater explosions below a free surface: bubble dynamics and pressure wave emission","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Hemant Sagar, Ming-Kang Li, Shiping Wang, Shuai Zhang","submitted_at":"2023-06-26T14:13:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"The current work experimentally studies the complex interaction between underwater explosion (UNDEX) bubbles and a free surface. We aim to reveal the dependence of the associated physics on the key factor, namely, the dimensionless detonation depth $\\gamma$ (scaled by the maximum equivalent bubble radius). Four typical bubble behavior patterns are identified with the respective range of $\\gamma$: (i) bubble bursting at the free surface, (ii) bubble jetting downward, (iii) neutral collapse of the bubble, and (iv) quasi-free-field motion. By comparison of the jet direction and the migration of t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.14720","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2306.14720/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}