{"paper":{"title":"DC Cryogenic Modeling of Open-Source SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs at 77 K Using BSIM4","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Re-extracting a subset of BSIM4 parameters from 77 K measurements produces a usable isothermal SPICE model for SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs with roughly 20 percent average error.","cross_cats":["hep-ex"],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"A.D.McDonald, A.Rimal, D.Braga, F.Beall, I. Parmaksiz, J.Asaadi, J.B.R.Battat, O.Seidel, V.A.Chirayath, Y.Mei","submitted_at":"2026-04-23T12:45:11Z","abstract_excerpt":"Cryogenic applications in high-energy physics (HEP) demand reliable, low-power CMOS electronics capable of operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). The open-source SkyWater 130 nm (SKY130) CMOS process has previously been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K making it a promising candidate for HEP applications. In this work, we characterize and model SKY130 low-threshold voltage transistors at 77 K, which is a temperature commonly used in modeling applications for liquid argon detectors. DC characteristic measurements were performed at both room temperature and liquid nitrog"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We created a cryogenic modeling approach to produce a SPICE-compatible, isothermal BSIM4-based model for select transistor sizes at 77 K. The resulting model agrees with data at 77 K with an average error on the order of 20% (relative RMS) and shows no dependence on drain voltage.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That re-extracting a subset of BSIM4 parameters from 77 K DC data is sufficient to produce a usable isothermal model without additional temperature-dependent equations or self-heating corrections.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"An isothermal BSIM4 model for SKY130 transistors at 77 K was extracted from measurements and validated with ~20% relative RMS error independent of drain voltage.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Re-extracting a subset of BSIM4 parameters from 77 K measurements produces a usable isothermal SPICE model for SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs with roughly 20 percent average error.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"221eb36e26f9eb9bd75d1eefbaeae2b6a7112fce86f07c338700d4f6bbcb7948"},"source":{"id":"2604.21625","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"364ab6c8-0ff7-4d99-9d0c-0163e1813bf7","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-09T21:00:37.441799Z","strongest_claim":"We created a cryogenic modeling approach to produce a SPICE-compatible, isothermal BSIM4-based model for select transistor sizes at 77 K. The resulting model agrees with data at 77 K with an average error on the order of 20% (relative RMS) and shows no dependence on drain voltage.","one_line_summary":"An isothermal BSIM4 model for SKY130 transistors at 77 K was extracted from measurements and validated with ~20% relative RMS error independent of drain voltage.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That re-extracting a subset of BSIM4 parameters from 77 K DC data is sufficient to produce a usable isothermal model without additional temperature-dependent equations or self-heating corrections.","pith_extraction_headline":"Re-extracting a subset of BSIM4 parameters from 77 K measurements produces a usable isothermal SPICE model for SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs with roughly 20 percent average error."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2604.21625/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-21T12:37:20.897631Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-20T00:48:06.794931Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"1f3e82129b1f29da0cfd11e1078777604c1ff5dbca6781b472bf640546101aaf"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}