{"paper":{"title":"Rarefaction-induced inflation and similarity breakdown of hypersonic bow shocks over a circular cylinder","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Ahmad Shoja-Sani, Ehsan Roohi","submitted_at":"2026-05-16T18:02:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"Rarefied hypersonic bow shocks over blunt bodies inflate as the Knudsen number increases, but it remains unclear whether this inflation is a simple shift and broadening of one common shock layer or a multi-scale change of the macroscopic and internal-energy fields. We address this question using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) data for Mach-10 flow over a circular cylinder in argon and nitrogen over \\(Kn_\\infty \\approx 0.01\\)--\\(1\\), together with a Mach-number sweep at \\(Kn_\\infty=0.01\\). At low rarefaction, a ray-based density-gradient ridge gives a reproducible bow-shock location and a"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.17099","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.17099/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:33:23.796735Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T22:21:57.729099Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"8b5b2668ae75edee40b816cf03f66729f87fa6871e2e99a70d4884105550fd8c"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}