{"paper":{"title":"First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"In this high-resolution cosmological simulation, galactic outflow mass loading turns non-monotonic with stellar mass and rises rapidly above 10^10.5 solar masses due to central black hole feedback.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.HE"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Annalisa Pillepich, Dylan Nelson, Federico Marinacci, Lars Hernquist, Mark Vogelsberger, Paul Torrey, Rainer Weinberger, Ruediger Pakmor, Shy Genel, Volker Springel","submitted_at":"2019-02-14T19:00:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present the new TNG50 cosmological, magnetohydrodynamical simulation -- the third and final volume of the IllustrisTNG project. This simulation occupies a unique combination of large volume and high resolution, with a 50 Mpc box sampled by 2160^3 gas cells (baryon mass of 8x10^4 Msun). The median spatial resolution of star-forming ISM gas is ~100-140 parsecs. This resolution approaches or exceeds that of modern 'zoom' simulations of individual massive galaxies, while the volume contains ~20,000 resolved galaxies with M*>10^7 Msun. Herein we show first results from TNG50, focusing on galacti"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Outflow mass loading is a non-monotonic function of galaxy stellar mass, turning over and rising rapidly above 10^10.5 Msun due to the action of the central black hole.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The subgrid prescriptions for supernova and black hole feedback, including their energy injection and wind scalings, are assumed to produce realistic large-scale outflows when the simulation resolution reaches ~100 pc.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"TNG50 shows galactic outflow mass loading is non-monotonic with stellar mass, rising rapidly above 10^10.5 Msun due to black hole feedback, and produces fast multi-phase outflows with emergent collimation.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"In this high-resolution cosmological simulation, galactic outflow mass loading turns non-monotonic with stellar mass and rises rapidly above 10^10.5 solar masses due to central black hole feedback.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"c9456bf56b523b665430527227cdd04badf6becfdeba207cea01f0d45689edbd"},"source":{"id":"1902.05554","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"584cd63e-8ba6-4414-afa9-288e8e82e08b","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-16T10:52:37.934537Z","strongest_claim":"Outflow mass loading is a non-monotonic function of galaxy stellar mass, turning over and rising rapidly above 10^10.5 Msun due to the action of the central black hole.","one_line_summary":"TNG50 shows galactic outflow mass loading is non-monotonic with stellar mass, rising rapidly above 10^10.5 Msun due to black hole feedback, and produces fast multi-phase outflows with emergent collimation.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The subgrid prescriptions for supernova and black hole feedback, including their energy injection and wind scalings, are assumed to produce realistic large-scale outflows when the simulation resolution reaches ~100 pc.","pith_extraction_headline":"In this high-resolution cosmological simulation, galactic outflow mass loading turns non-monotonic with stellar mass and rises rapidly above 10^10.5 solar masses due to central black hole feedback."},"references":{"count":300,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1086/375512","year":null,"title":"Simulations of Galaxy Formation in a Cold Dark Matter Universe. 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