{"paper":{"title":"The ATOM Report: Measuring the Open Language Model Ecosystem","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and have since widened the gap.","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Florian Brand, Nathan Lambert","submitted_at":"2026-04-08T15:15:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a comprehensive adoption snapshot of the leading open language models and who is building them, focusing on the ~1.5K mainline open models from the likes of Alibaba's Qwen, DeepSeek, Meta's Llama, that are the foundation of an ecosystem crucial to researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy advisors. We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts. We study a mix of Hugging Face downloads and model derivatives, inference market share, performance metrics and"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the combination of Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference market share, and performance metrics provides an accurate and unbiased picture of real-world adoption and influence in the open language model ecosystem.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and widened the gap, based on Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference share, and performance data.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and have since widened the gap.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"76a270d86e0833b80c140462b2aeadfc1d54f2394d100506d98fb5af5caff04a"},"source":{"id":"2604.07190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"00f89763-a5c7-41d0-bf01-167798fe0dfb","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-10T17:29:08.214147Z","strongest_claim":"We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts.","one_line_summary":"Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and widened the gap, based on Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference share, and performance data.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the combination of Hugging Face downloads, model derivatives, inference market share, and performance metrics provides an accurate and unbiased picture of real-world adoption and influence in the open language model ecosystem.","pith_extraction_headline":"Chinese open language models overtook U.S. models in summer 2025 and have since widened the gap."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2604.07190/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}