{"paper":{"title":"Composite Bulges: The Coexistence of Classical Bulges and Disky Pseudobulges in S0 and Spiral Galaxies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"(2) Stockholm University, 38200 La Laguna, (3) Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, C/ Via Lactea s/n, Department of Astronomy, Garching, Germany, Jens Thomas (1), John E. Beckman (3) ((1) Max-Planck-Institut fuer extraterrestrische Physik, Juan Carlos Vega Beltran (3), Maximilian Fabricius (1), Nina Nowak (2), Oskar Klein Centre, Peter Erwin (1), Ralf Bender (1), Roberto P. Saglia (1), SE-10691 Stockholm, Spain), Stephanie Rusli (1), Sweden, Tenerife","submitted_at":"2014-11-10T21:01:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"We study nine S0-Sb galaxies with (photometric) bulges consisting of two distinct components. The outer component is a flattened, kinematically cool, disklike structure: a \"disky pseudobulge\". Embedded inside is a rounder, kinematically hot spheroid: a \"classical bulge\". This indicates that pseudobulges and classical bulges are not mutually exclusive: some galaxies have both.\n  The disky pseudobulges almost always have an exponential disk (scale lengths = 125-870 pc, mean $\\sim 440$ pc) with disk-related subcomponents: nuclear rings, bars, and/or spiral arms. They constitute 11-59% of the gala"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1411.2599","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}