{"paper":{"title":"Extreme vortex gust encounters by a square wing","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Hiroto Odaka, Kunihiko Taira, Luke Smith","submitted_at":"2025-11-21T23:48:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"Extreme gust encounters by finite wings with disturbance velocity exceeding their cruise speed remain largely unexplored, while particularly relevant to miniature-scale aircraft. This study considers extreme aerodynamic flows around a square wing and the large, unsteady forces that result from gust encounters. We analyse the evolution of three-dimensional, large-scale vortical structures and their complex interactions with the wing by performing direct numerical simulations at a chord-based Reynolds number of 600. We find that a strong incoming positive gust vortex induces a prominent leading-"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2511.17845","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2511.17845/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}