{"paper":{"title":"Constraints on the Metallicity-dependent Explodability of Massive Stars from Galactic Chemical Evolution: Toward Alleviating the Red Supergiant Problem","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Galactic chemical evolution constrains where massive stars form black holes and permits a simplified explodability rule that can ease the red supergiant problem.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.SR"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","authors_text":"Akihiro Suzuki, Keiichi Maeda, Sojun Ono","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T22:53:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"The explodability of massive stars, namely whether they undergo core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) or form black holes (BHs), strongly influences galactic chemical evolution (GCE). Details of the explodability are still controversial, but realistic predictions including metallicity-dependence are becoming available through stellar-evolution and explosion calculations. In the present work, we implement recently-proposed metallicity-dependent explodability prescriptions into a GCE framework. We show that the physics-motivated explodability prescriptions reproduce the key observed abundance trends."},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The GCE model provides strong constraints on the region of the BH formation in the mass-metallicity space. Guided by these findings, a simplified form of the metallicity-dependent explodability can be constructed to alleviate the RSG problem without violating chemical-evolution observables, if net outflows are negligible/absent and the transition takes place at sub-solar metallicity.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The assumption that net outflows from the galactic system are negligible or absent, which is presented as a necessary condition for the simplified explodability model to remain compatible with GCE constraints (abstract).","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Metallicity-dependent explodability prescriptions for massive stars reproduce observed galactic abundance trends when used in chemical evolution models and permit a simplified form that alleviates the red supergiant problem without violating those trends, provided net outflows are negligible and the","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Galactic chemical evolution constrains where massive stars form black holes and permits a simplified explodability rule that can ease the red supergiant problem.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"6ad661e9768499b9ecca632ec753290b930a2eeb3aeeeb745eb78f05ba3194a7"},"source":{"id":"2605.15462","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"3bc054d4-0fd8-4c9a-b0e9-2cab1654c3c5","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T14:42:41.321352Z","strongest_claim":"The GCE model provides strong constraints on the region of the BH formation in the mass-metallicity space. Guided by these findings, a simplified form of the metallicity-dependent explodability can be constructed to alleviate the RSG problem without violating chemical-evolution observables, if net outflows are negligible/absent and the transition takes place at sub-solar metallicity.","one_line_summary":"Metallicity-dependent explodability prescriptions for massive stars reproduce observed galactic abundance trends when used in chemical evolution models and permit a simplified form that alleviates the red supergiant problem without violating those trends, provided net outflows are negligible and the","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that net outflows from the galactic system are negligible or absent, which is presented as a necessary condition for the simplified explodability model to remain compatible with GCE constraints (abstract).","pith_extraction_headline":"Galactic chemical evolution constrains where massive stars form black holes and permits a simplified explodability rule that can ease the red supergiant problem."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.15462/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T15:49:44.540744Z","status":"completed","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T15:23:28.700016Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T15:01:17.602934Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:50:16.735852Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T14:21:54.096747Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T13:33:22.669640Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"243e6616d9291772826ba1b15601fe8f449f70d7f7f5dedc9ddb9bd93d5b5331"},"references":{"count":75,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1103/physrevx.13.011048","year":2023,"title":"Physical Review X , author =","work_id":"de36106e-a598-4745-b46e-db71d36e0b38","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201833910","year":2020,"title":"Aghanim, et al., Astron","work_id":"377fb467-bb15-4ea5-98cd-4b1ccd7b8cd7","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201936265","year":2019,"title":"Implications of 3D non-LTE spectral line formation","work_id":"752630c6-2003-484f-bc73-0bd16950cd84","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1038/s41550-018-0458-4","year":2018,"title":"P., Dessart, L., Guti´ errez, C","work_id":"5fbd90d6-7844-4bc6-9312-cb6250a1173d","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222","year":2009,"title":"J., N., Jacobson-Galán, W., et al","work_id":"7447ca6b-517b-48a1-aa1d-96507656b5aa","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":75,"snapshot_sha256":"0c4efab939b4e5dee4411f8d0359b93c861c88423d32f52113fcd28f0547ad58","internal_anchors":2},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"762aa65c3a55daed1981bc1d7749511c0e7d7413caee950ec5af096a2a8b56d8"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}