{"paper":{"title":"A Covariant Approach to 1+3 Formalism","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Chan Park","submitted_at":"2018-10-15T12:06:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"I present a covariant approach to developing 1+3 formalism without an introduction of any basis or coordinates. In the formalism, a spacetime which has a timelike congruence is assumed. Then, tensors are split into temporal and spatial parts according to the tangent direction to the congruence. I make use of the natural derivatives to define the kinematical quantities and to investigate their properties. They are utilized in the splitting of covariant derivatives. In this way, the Riemann curvature is split into the temporal and spatial part, i.e. Gauss, Codazzi, and Ricci relation. Finally, t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1810.06293","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}