{"paper":{"title":"From Frontier to Shadow AI: A Simmering Threat to Assurance and Security in Critical Infrastructure","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Chandra Thapa, Marthie Grobler, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Ronal Singh, Shahroz Tariq, Tooba Aamir","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T07:21:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"Frontier AI systems, including large language models and emerging agentic AI tools, offer significant operational benefits but present unique challenges to critical infrastructure (CI) environments due to their non-deterministic and emergent properties. While formal adoption is inherently cautious and tightly controlled due to strict regulatory oversight, widespread accessibility has catalysed shadow AI: the unsanctioned use of frontier AI outside established organisational controls. In CI settings, shadow AI bypasses established assurance and oversight mechanisms, amplifying risks to data pro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.00088","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.00088/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}