{"paper":{"title":"Penetrative turbulent Rayleigh-B\\'enard convection in two and three dimensions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"De-Jun Sun, Qi Wang, Quan Zhou, Zhen-Hua Wan","submitted_at":"2018-11-30T10:11:45Z","abstract_excerpt":"Penetrative turbulent Rayleigh-B\\'enard convection which depends on the density maximum of water near $4^\\circ\\rm{C}$ is studied using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulations (DNS). The working fluid is water near $4^\\circ\\rm{C}$ with Prandtl number $Pr=11.57$. The considered Rayleigh numbers $Ra$ range from $10^7$ to $10^{10}$. The density inversion parameter $\\theta_m$ varies from 0 to 0.9. It is found that the ratio of the top and bottom thermal boundary-layer thickness ($F_\\lambda=\\lambda_t^\\theta/\\lambda_b^\\theta$) increases with increasing $\\theta_m$,"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1811.12696","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}