{"paper":{"title":"Imaging biofilms in three dimensions: modalities, quantitative readouts, and the path to four-dimensional measurement","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.bio-ph","authors_text":"Seongsoo Lee, YongKeun Park","submitted_at":"2026-06-13T11:20:38Z","abstract_excerpt":"Biofilms are spatially structured microbial communities whose architecture, chemistry, mechanics, and cellular states evolve over time. Bulk assays and two-dimensional projections remain useful, but cannot alone resolve how these properties vary with depth or change during growth, treatment, dispersal, and regrowth. Imaging provides complementary routes to three-dimensional measurement: fluorescence microscopy supplies molecular, taxonomic, and functional specificity; optical coherence tomography resolves mesoscale architecture and dynamics; quantitative phase imaging and holotomography report"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.15254","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.15254/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}