{"paper":{"title":"AOSpec: Action and Observation Co-Speculation for Low-Latency Agent Serving","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Hao Mark Chen, Hongxiang Fan, Jinnan Guo, Wayne Luk","submitted_at":"2026-08-01T22:06:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language model agents increasingly act through stateful tools, yet model generation and environment execution remain serialized at every step. As decoding accelerates, tool execution becomes a growing bottleneck. Existing action- or observation-only speculation leaves much of this latency exposed: value is concentrated in a few slow calls, some outcomes emerge only through execution, and longer lookahead typically requires an increasingly unlikely chain of action predictions. We present AOSpec, a lossless framework that co-speculates actions and observations across the full agent-environ"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2608.00881","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2608.00881/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}