{"paper":{"title":"Study of gapped phases of 4d gauge theories using temporal gauging of the $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ 1-form symmetry","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.str-el"],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"Mendel Nguyen, Mithat \\\"Unsal, Yuya Tanizaki","submitted_at":"2023-06-04T21:31:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"To study gapped phases of $4$d gauge theories, we introduce the temporal gauging of $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ $1$-form symmetry in $4$d quantum field theories (QFTs), thereby defining effective $3$d QFTs with $\\widetilde{\\mathbb{Z}}_N\\times \\mathbb{Z}_N$ $1$-form symmetry. In this way, spatial fundamental Wilson and 't Hooft loops are simultaneously genuine line operators. Assuming a mass gap and Lorentz invariant vacuum of the $4$d QFT, the $\\widetilde{\\mathbb{Z}}_N\\times \\mathbb{Z}_N$ symmetry must be spontaneously broken to an order-$N$ subgroup $H$, and we can classify the $4$d gapped phases by speci"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.02485","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2306.02485/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}